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Vellore, Tamil Nadu

Not a Scheduled AreaCensus 2011 district code 605
  1. 23 Oct 2026 · Details soughtAdditional details soughtTAMIN-Kodakkal 6.00HA Black Granite Quarry
  2. 16 Oct 2026 · Details soughtAdditional details soughtVinnamangalam Village Rough Stone Mining Lease
  3. 11 Oct 2026 · Details soughtAdditional details soughtPROPOSED ROUGH STONE & GRAVEL QUARRY OF THIRU.V.VARADARAJ BABU
  4. 9 Oct 2026 · DecidedEnvironmental clearance grantedMelnelli Village Rough Stone and Gravel Mining Project
  5. 9 Oct 2026 · DecidedEnvironmental clearance refusedMuguntharayapuram Village Gravel and Rough Stone Mining Project
  6. 7 Oct 2026 · FiledSubmittedVenkatapuram Village Ordinary Earth Mining Project
  7. 6 Oct 2026 · FiledSubmittedAyilam Village Rough Stone and Gravel Mining Project
  8. 29 Sept 2026 · DecidedTerms of Reference grantedProposed Rough stone & Gravel Quarry of Thiru.J.Prakash
  9. 26 Sept 2026 · FiledSubmittedProposed Rough Stone & Gravel Quarry of Thiru.R.Srinivasan
  10. 25 Sept 2026 · Details soughtAdditional details soughtVinnamangalam Village Rough Stone Mining Lease
  11. 22 Sept 2026 · FiledSubmittedExpansion of Cement production capacity of Standalone Grinding Unit from 2.3 MTPA to 6.0 MTPA (Expansion…
  12. 18 Sept 2026 · DecidedEnvironmental clearance grantedAyilam Village Rough Stone and Gravel Mining Project

Dated by the portal's own appraisal history, converted to India Standard Time; a proposal with no recorded history appears on its register submission date.

Other clearances these proposals declare

Forest land diversion declared
2
Forest land sought for diversion
Area not stated
Wildlife board recommendation declared
0
In or near a protected area
0
In an eco-sensitive zone
0

These counts are taken from the application forms of the 156 of 156 proposals naming this district whose forms have been read for these questions. In 87 of those forms at least one question was left blank, and a blank answer is counted as unknown. The forest area is the area stated for forest clearance, with each forest proposal counted once, in the district where its project is primarily sited.

Proposals naming this district
156
Category A proposals
3
Families declared displaced
None declared
Families declared affected
None declared

Displacement figures are the proponents’ own declarations. A project sited across several districts declares one figure for the whole project, and that figure is counted once, in the district where the project is primarily sited.

Fifth Schedule status

Not within a Fifth Schedule Scheduled Area

No Presidential Order under paragraph 6 of the Fifth Schedule declares any Scheduled Area in Tamil Nadu, so no part of this district is one and PESA does not apply.

OrderMinistry of Tribal Affairs, Scheduled Areas declared under paragraph 6 of the Fifth Schedule to the Constitution

Who lives there

Figures from Census 2011, each compared with the all-India value computed on the same definition.

Total population
39,36,331
Households
9,29,281
Average household size
4.24
0.61 below India's 4.85India
Scheduled Tribe share of population
1.9%
6.7 points below IndiaIndia
Scheduled Caste share of population
21.9%
5.2 points above IndiaIndia
Children aged 0-6
11.0%
2.6 points below IndiaIndia
Literacy rate
79.2%
6.2 points above IndiaIndia
Sex ratio
1,007
64.0 above India's 942.6India

What they live on

How the district's workers earn a living, from Census 2011. The land-dependent share counts cultivators and agricultural labourers as a share of all workers, and it is the group most directly affected when land is acquired.

Total workers
16,89,330
Work participation rate
42.9%
3.1 points above IndiaIndia
Workers dependent on land
33.6%
21.0 points below IndiaIndia
Cultivators
10.4%
14.3 points below IndiaIndia
Agricultural labourers
23.2%
6.7 points below IndiaIndia
Marginal workers
19.5%
5.3 points below IndiaIndia
Household industry workers
8.1%
4.3 points above IndiaIndia

How households live

Land, income and work among rural households, from the Socio Economic and Caste Census 2011, which recorded these where the population census did not. Only the survey's rural part is used here, so urban households do not appear.

Rural households owning land
27.8%
18.3 points below IndiaIndia

The India figure is computed from 614 of 640 districts, because the source table has no value for the others.

Rural households whose highest earner makes over ₹5,000 a month
17.8%
6.6 points below IndiaIndia

The India figure is computed from 614 of 640 districts, because the source table has no value for the others.

Rural households living mainly on manual casual labour
73.7%
21.9 points above IndiaIndia

The India figure is computed from 614 of 640 districts, because the source table has no value for the others.

Rural households with a salaried member
11.2%
3.0 points above IndiaIndia

The India figure is computed from 614 of 640 districts, because the source table has no value for the others.

When these were filed

Each proposal is dated by the first step in its appraisal history, the dated record of steps the portal keeps for it.

2024-Q12026-Q4

The timeline counts 125 of the 156 proposals here. The first filing date comes from each proposal's appraisal history, and we have not yet read it for the other 31, so they are left out. Most of them are older proposals, so the early part of the timeline undercounts what was filed then. The register itself records a date for each of them; the gap is in our copy of the histories.

Hatched columns undercount, so they cannot be compared with solid ones. 2026-Q4 was still running when the register was read, so its column counts only the filings made up to that date.

What kind of projects these are

The proposals naming this district, grouped by the sector each was filed under.

  • Non-Coal Mining 85.9%
  • INFRA-2 9%
  • Industrial Projects - 3 2.6%
  • Industrial Projects - 1 1.3%
  • Other (1) 1.3%

The four largest sectors are shown by name and the rest are grouped as Other.

What is proposed here

These are the proposals in the national environmental clearance register whose application names a site in this district, newest first. A project with sites in several districts appears under each of them.

  1. Category B2Under Verification2026-10-07

    Venkatapuram Village Ordinary Earth Mining Project

    RAMESH RAJENDIRAN · Non-Coal Mining

  2. Category B2Under Verification2026-10-06

    Ayilam Village Rough Stone and Gravel Mining Project

    K P BLUE METAL · Non-Coal Mining

  3. Category B2Under Verification2026-09-26

    Proposed Rough Stone & Gravel Quarry of Thiru.R.Srinivasan

    SRINIVASAN R · Non-Coal Mining

  4. Category B1Pending at MS SEIAA2026-09-22

    Expansion of Cement production capacity of Standalone Grinding Unit from 2.3 MTPA to 6.0 MTPA (Expansion in existing Cement Mill from 2.3 to 3.0 Million TPA by process optimization and Installation of additional Cement Mill of 3.0 Million TPA) at Chitteri Village, Nemili Taluk, Ranipet (Old-Vellore) District, Tamil Nadu by M/s UltraTech Cement Limited (Unit: Arakkonam Cement Works).

    UltraTech Cement Limited · Industrial Projects - 1

  5. Category B2Proposal Accepted and Referred to SEAC2026-09-10

    Proposed Construction of Residential Building

    valley vistas hotel private limited · INFRA-2

  6. Category AStandard ToR Granted2026-08-15

    Proposed Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API) & Intermediates Manufacturing Unit by M/s. Molclone Labs Private Limited

    MOLCLONE LABS PRIVATE LIMITED · Industrial Projects - 3

  7. Category B2ADS Raised2026-08-07

    PROPOSED ROUGH STONE & GRAVEL QUARRY OF THIRU.V.VARADARAJ BABU

    v varadarajbabu · Non-Coal Mining

  8. Category B1ToR Granted2026-07-30

    Proposed Rough stone & Gravel Quarry of Thiru.J.Prakash

    PRAKASH · Non-Coal Mining

  9. Category B2EC Granted2026-07-29

    Melnelli Village Rough Stone and Gravel Mining Project

    yuvaraj · Non-Coal Mining

  10. Category B2EC Rejected2026-07-17

    Muguntharayapuram Village Gravel and Rough Stone Mining Project

    DHANASEKAR G · Non-Coal Mining

  11. Category B1Forwarded to MS SPCB/PCC by MS2026-07-17

    Vinnamangalam Village Rough Stone and Gravel Quarry Project

    V LEKHA · Non-Coal Mining

  12. Category B1ToR Granted2026-07-14

    Anaimallur Village Rough stone and Gravel Quarry Project

    ARVA METALS AND MINERALS · Non-Coal Mining

  13. Category B2ADS Raised2026-07-14

    Vellakuttai Village Rough Stone Mining Project

    GEMINI BLUE METAL WORKS · Non-Coal Mining

  14. Category B1ToR Granted2026-07-06

    Anaimallur Village Rough Stone and Gravel Quarry Project

    S Pandiyan · Non-Coal Mining

  15. Category B1ToR Granted2026-06-22

    Kuppam Village Rough Stone and Gravel Quarry Project

    S Sumangali · Non-Coal Mining

  16. Category B1ToR Granted2026-06-22

    Kuppam Village Rough Stone and Gravel Quarry Lease

    S Sumangali · Non-Coal Mining

  17. Category B2EC Granted2026-06-19

    Ayilam Village Rough Stone and Gravel Mining Project

    K P BLUE METAL · Non-Coal Mining

  18. Category AForwarded to MS SPCB/PCC by MS2026-06-19declares affected families

    Alleri Pumped Storage Project

    ADANI HYDRO ENERGY FOURTEEN LIMITED · River Valley and Hydroelectric Projects

  19. Category B1Forwarded to MS SPCB/PCC by MS2026-06-18

    Punganur Village Rough Stone and Gravel quarry

    K P BLUE METAL · Non-Coal Mining

  20. Category B2EC Granted2026-06-17

    KODAKKAL VILLAGE GRAVEL AND ROUGH STONE MINING PROJECT

    Kumaresan · Non-Coal Mining

  21. Category B1Forwarded to MS SPCB/PCC by MS2026-06-15

    Rough Stone and Gravel Quarry Project Belongs to Thiru. S. Dhanakottai

    DHANAKOTTI SUBRAMANI · Non-Coal Mining

  22. Category B1Forwarded to MS SPCB/PCC by MS2026-06-15

    Rough Stone and Gravel Quarry Project Belongs to M/s. Argent Constructions Pvt Ltd.,

    ARGENT CONSTRUCTIONS PRIVATE LIMITED · Non-Coal Mining

  23. Category B2EC Granted2026-06-11

    Padi Village Rough Stone and Gravel Mining Project

    S TRADERS · Non-Coal Mining

  24. Category B1Forwarded to MS SPCB/PCC by MS2026-06-04

    Anaimallur Rough Stone and Gravel Mining Lease

    S TRADERS · Non-Coal Mining

  25. Category B1Forwarded to MS SPCB/PCC by MS2026-06-04

    Anaimallur Rough Stone and Gravel Mining Lease

    S TRADERS · Non-Coal Mining

  26. Category B2EC Granted2026-06-03

    Ward-B Ambur village Gravel Mining Project

    M.A.R.INFRASTRUCTURE · Non-Coal Mining

  27. Category B1EC Granted2026-05-23

    Thiru.R.Natarajan Rough stone and Gravel quarry

    RANGASAMY NATARAJAN · Non-Coal Mining

  28. Category B1Proposal returned in present form2026-04-27

    Proposed Expansion of Educational Institutional Campus

    VELLORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY · INFRA-2

  29. Category B2EC Granted2026-04-22

    Palamathi Village Rough Stone and Gravel Mining Project

    K SUdhakar · Non-Coal Mining

  30. Category B1EC Granted2026-04-16

    TAMIN-Rendadi-47.88.0Ha Black Granite Quarry

    TAMILNADU MINERALS LIMITED · Non-Coal Mining

  31. Category B1EC Granted2026-04-15

    TAMIN-Kodakkal SF.No.1193/1(P)- 24.300Ha Black Granite Quarry

    TAMILNADU MINERALS LIMITED · Non-Coal Mining

  32. Category B1ToR Granted2026-04-04

    Proposed Common Bio-Medical Waste Treatment Facility

    SAGA ECO PRIVATE LIMITED · INFRA-2

  33. Category B2EC Granted2026-03-26

    V. Sudhakar Ordinary Earth Quarry, Ilupaithandalam

    V SUDHAKAR · Non-Coal Mining

  34. Category B1EC Granted2026-03-04

    Proposed Rough Stone Quarry of Thiru.J. Nareshkrishna

    NARESH KRISHNA J · Non-Coal Mining

  35. Category B1EC Granted2026-03-04

    Rough stone Quarry of Tvl.Sri Sai Constructions, Thiru.Gowthamkrishna (Proprietor)

    GOWTHAM KRISHNA J · Non-Coal Mining

  36. Category B1EC Granted2026-03-04

    Rough Stone Quarry of Thiru.R.Sathish

    SATHISH RAMOORTHY · Non-Coal Mining

  37. Category B2Proposal returned in present form2026-02-28

    Sakkaramallur Village Sand Quarry (Palar River), Manual excavation method

    PWD/WRD M&M DIVISION VILLUPURAM · Non-Coal Mining

  38. Category B2EC Granted2026-02-27

    Ordinary Earth Quarry belongs to Thiru.S.Sathishkumar

    SATHESHKUMAR S · Non-Coal Mining

  39. Category B2EC Granted2026-02-26

    Ordinary Earth Quarry belongs to Thiru. S. Kumar

    KUMAR S · Non-Coal Mining

  40. Category B2EC Granted2026-02-25

    Sakkaramallur Ordinary Earth Quarry Project

    THIRUMENI S · Non-Coal Mining

  41. Category B2EC Granted2026-02-23

    PROPOSED ORDINARY EARTH QUARRY OF THIRU.K.PICHANDI

    K PICHANDI · Non-Coal Mining

  42. Category B2EC Granted2026-02-02

    Sirukalambur Village Rough Stone and Gravel Mining Project

    m n udayadiwaagar · Non-Coal Mining

  43. Category B2EC Granted2026-01-19

    VINNAMANGALAM ROUGH STONE MINING LEASE QUARRY

    iyappan · Non-Coal Mining

  44. Category B2EC Granted2025-12-23

    Proposed Expansion of Multi Specialty Hospital & Research Campus

    MISAI Healthcare Services Private limited · INFRA-2

  45. Category B2EC Granted2025-12-17

    Gravel and Pebbles Quarry Project Belongs to M/s. Oriental Structural Engineers Pvt Ltd.,

    A Shenbagaraj · Non-Coal Mining

  46. Category B1ToR Granted2025-12-10

    Vinnamangalam Village Rough Stone Mining Lease

    A SELVAM · Non-Coal Mining

  47. Category B2EC Granted2025-12-05

    Earth Quarry of Thiru.S.Thirumeni

    THIRUMENI S · Non-Coal Mining

  48. Category B2EC Granted2025-11-18

    Ordinary Earth Quarry Project Belongs to Thiru .B. Ranjithkumar

    RANJITHKUMAR B · Non-Coal Mining

  49. Category B1Referred to SEAC2025-10-31

    TAMIN-Kodakkal 6.00HA Black Granite Quarry

    TAMILNADU MINERALS LIMITED · Non-Coal Mining

  50. Category B2EC Granted2025-10-18

    Installation of new API unit with production capacity of 3336 TPA by Nanjil Indudtries

    NANJILK INDUSTRIES PRIVATE LIMITED · Industrial Projects - 3

  51. Category B2EC Granted2025-10-15

    Palamathi Village Rough Stone and Gravel Mining Project

    K SUdhakar · Non-Coal Mining

  52. Category B2Proposal pulled back (withdrawn)2025-10-14

    Vinnamangalam Village Rough Stone Quarry

    iyappan · Non-Coal Mining

  53. Category B2Proposal returned in present form2025-10-14

    VINNAMANGALAM ROUGH STONE MINING LEASE QUARRY

    iyappan · Non-Coal Mining

  54. Category B2EC Granted2025-10-11

    Earth Quarry of Thiru.R.Karthick

    KARTHIK R · Non-Coal Mining

  55. Category B2EC Granted2025-10-11

    Earth Quarry of Thiru.S.Raja

    RAJA S M · Non-Coal Mining

  56. Category B2EC Granted2025-10-11

    KARANAMPATTU VILLAGE, Ordinary Earth Quarry Project Belongs to Thiru.R.Elumalai

    R ELUMALAI · Non-Coal Mining

  57. Category B2EC Granted2025-10-10

    Earth Quarry of Thiru.S.Thirumeni

    THIRUMENI S · Non-Coal Mining

  58. Category B2EC Granted2025-10-10

    Earth Quarry of Thiru.S.Kumar

    KUMAR S · Non-Coal Mining

  59. Category B2EC Granted2025-10-09

    Earth Quarry of Thiru.S.Satheshkumar

    SATHESHKUMAR S · Non-Coal Mining

  60. Category B2Referred to SEIAA2025-09-24

    M/s. GRT Mahalakshmi Educational Charitable Trust

    GRT MAHALAKSHMI educational charitable trust · INFRA-2

  61. Category B2Proposal returned in present form2025-09-16

    Govindacherry Village Earth Mining Lease

    KCC BUILDCON PRIVATE LIMITED · Non-Coal Mining

  62. Category B1EC Granted2025-09-01

    Vinnamangalam Village Rough Stone Mining Lease

    RDS INFRASTRUCTURE · Non-Coal Mining

  63. Category B1EC Granted2025-08-29

    VINNAMANGALAM VILLAGE ROUGH STONE QUARRY LEASE

    THIRUPATHI GOVIND · Non-Coal Mining

  64. Category B1EC Granted2025-08-28

    TAMIN Kodakkal 24.30.0Ha Black Granite Quarry

    TAMILNADU MINERALS LIMITED · Non-Coal Mining

  65. Category B1EC Granted2025-08-26

    Vinnamangalam Village Rough Stone Mining Lease

    JANARTHANAN R · Non-Coal Mining

  66. Category B1EC Granted2025-08-26

    Vinnamangalam Village Rough Stone Mining Lease

    N R PARANTHAMAN · Non-Coal Mining

  67. Category B1ADS Raised2025-08-26

    Vinnamangalam Village Rough Stone Mining Lease

    B KARTHIK · Non-Coal Mining

  68. Category B1EC Granted2025-08-26

    Vinnamangalam Village Rough Stone Mining Lease

    R PURUSHOTHAMAN · Non-Coal Mining

  69. Category B1ToR Rejected2025-08-13

    Aathur Village Rough Stone Mining lease Project

    MARIYAPPAN · Non-Coal Mining

  70. Category B2EC Granted2025-08-13

    Sillamanthai Village Gravel Mining Project

    AMUDU PORKON ARASI A · Non-Coal Mining

  71. Category B2EC Granted2025-08-06

    Thakkolam Village Rough Stone and Gravel Mining Lease

    SUN MINERALS · Non-Coal Mining

  72. Category B2Proposal returned in present form2025-07-25

    Mukuntharayapuram Village Earth Mining Lease

    S Dhamodaran · Non-Coal Mining

  73. Category B2EC Granted2025-07-15

    Mulvoy Village Gravel and Boulders Mining Project

    M SANJAY · Non-Coal Mining

  74. Category B2EC Granted2025-06-30

    Karikkal Village Gravel and Boulders Mining Project

    KODHANDARAJU VENKATARAJU KONDURU · Non-Coal Mining

  75. Category B1ToR Granted2025-06-25

    Expansion of Cement production capacity of Standalone Grinding Unit from 2.3 MTPA to 6.0 MTPA (Expansion in existing Cement Mill from 2.3 to 3.0 Million TPA by process optimization and Installation of additional Cement Mill of 3.0 Million TPA) at Chitteri Village, Nemili Taluk, Ranipet (Old-Vellore) District, Tamil Nadu by M/s UltraTech Cement Limited (Unit: Arakkonam Cement Works).

    UltraTech Cement Limited · Industrial Projects - 1

  76. Category B1EC Granted2025-06-23

    Rendadi 466(P)Black Granite Quarry

    M/S. TAMIL NADU MINERALS LIMITED · Non-Coal Mining

  77. Category B1EC Granted2025-06-23

    Kodakkal (24.30.0HA) Black Granite Quarry

    M/S. TAMIL NADU MINERALS LIMITED · Non-Coal Mining

  78. Category B2EC Granted2025-06-08

    Proposed construction of Industrial Building by M/s. Grand Atlantia Panapakkam SEZ Developers Private Limited.

    GRAND ATLANTIA PANAPAKKAM SEZ DEVELOPERS PRIVATE LIMITED · INFRA-2

  79. Category B1EC Granted2025-06-04

    Proposed Manufacturing facility for Water & Solvent-Based PU Adhesives, Primers, and Hardeners

    NAn pao Materials resins india privAte limited · Industrial Projects - 3

  80. Category B1ToR Granted2025-05-31

    Rough Stone Quarry of Thiru.R.Sathish

    SATHISH RAMOORTHY · Non-Coal Mining

  81. Category B2EC Granted2025-05-22

    Thiru.P.Bharani Rough Stone and Gravel Quarry lease with an extent of 1.84.50 Ha. in S.F.Nos.63/9, 64/4, 64/11, 64/13, 65/9 & 85/1 of Chozhavaram Village, Vellore Taluk, Vellore District.

    P BHARANI · Non-Coal Mining

  82. Category B2EC Granted2025-05-21

    Tvl. Sri Murugan Traders, Rough stone and Gravel quarry over an extent of 0.61.50 Ha at S.F.Nos. 14/1, Sirukalambur Village, Vellore Taluk, Vellore District,

    SRI MURUGAN TRADERS · Non-Coal Mining

  83. Category B2EC Granted2025-05-20

    PUNGANUR VILLAGE ROUGH STONE AND GRAVEL MINING LEASE

    K P BLUE METAL · Non-Coal Mining

  84. Category B1ToR Granted2025-05-12

    Proposed Rough Stone Quarry of Thiru.J. Nareshkrishna

    NARESH KRISHNA J · Non-Coal Mining

  85. Category B1ToR Granted2025-05-09

    Rough stone Quarry of Tvl.Sri Sai Constructions, Thiru.Gowthamkrishna (Proprietor)

    GOWTHAM KRISHNA J · Non-Coal Mining

  86. Category B2EC Granted2025-05-07

    Gravel Quarry of Thiru.M.Mahesh

    M MAHESH · Non-Coal Mining

  87. Category B2EC Granted2025-04-24

    VELURPET VILLAGE GRAVEL & PEBBLES MINING LEASE

    sumathi munusamy · Non-Coal Mining

  88. Category B2EC Granted2025-03-25

    Proposed Rough stone Quarry of Thiru.S.Pari

    PARI SRINIVASAN · Non-Coal Mining

  89. Category B2EC Granted2025-03-18

    Melnelli Village Rough Stone and Gravel Mining Lease

    kalyana subramaniyar mines · Non-Coal Mining

  90. Category B1EC Granted2025-03-12

    Rough Stone and Gravel Quarry of M/s.Dhana Blue Metals, (Proprietor Thiru.S.Dhanakotti),

    DHANAKOTTI SUBRAMANI · Non-Coal Mining

  91. Category B1ToR Granted2025-03-10

    Vinnamangalam Village Rough Stone Mining Lease

    R PURUSHOTHAMAN · Non-Coal Mining

  92. Category B1ToR Granted2025-03-10

    Vinnamangalam Village Rough Stone Mining Lease

    JANARTHANAN R · Non-Coal Mining

  93. Category B2EC Granted2025-03-03

    Rough Stone and Gravel Quarry of Thiru.K.Ganapathi

    GANAPATHI · Non-Coal Mining

  94. Category B1ToR Granted2025-02-28

    VINNAMANGALAM VILLAGE ROUGH STONE QUARRY LEASE

    THIRUPATHI GOVIND · Non-Coal Mining

  95. Category B1Standard ToR Granted2025-01-17

    Proposed Manufacturing facility for Water & Solvent-Based PU Adhesives, Primers, and Hardeners

    NAn pao Materials resins india privAte limited · Industrial Projects - 3

  96. Category B2EC Granted2024-12-26

    Agraharam Village rough stone mining project

    SRIKANTH GANDHI · Non-Coal Mining

  97. Category B2EC Granted2024-12-20

    Proposed Construction of Industrial buildings (Manufacturing & Assembly of Passenger Vehicles)

    Tata motors limited · INFRA-2

  98. Category B1EC Granted2024-12-20

    Expansion of Hospital Campus by M/s. Christian Medical College Vellore Association

    C M C VELLORE ASSOCIATION · INFRA-2

  99. Category B2EC Granted2024-12-17

    Thakkolam Village Rough Stone and Gravel Mining Lease

    SUN MINERALS · Non-Coal Mining

  100. Category B2EC Granted2024-12-04

    Proposed Rough stone and Gravel Quarry of Thiru.M.Velu

    VELU MOHAN · Non-Coal Mining

Showing 100 of 156 proposals, newest first. The button below loads the rest.